Mu Eadni / Mother of Mine

It’s a scary time. 

International law? Unenforceable. Convicted felon for president? Probable. Rollback of women’s rights? Happening.

As fascism bares its teeth, we must not take for granted the freedoms we’ve gained. They can be lost in one election. 

Those are my thoughts as I listen on repeat to this beautiful song by Mari Boine. I feel my heart slow. It is good medicine for those of us with a mother wound, recent or ancient, which is, I suppose, all of us.

In the introduction (below), Mari explains that her mother was a Laestadian Christian. For those yet unfamiliar, the faith is named for its 19th century Swedish Sámi founder, Lars Levi Laestadius, who finally succeeded in Christianizing the Sámi, or so it is said, after hundreds of years of failed missions. But it was not so simple.

Long before “woke” meant “aware of historical oppressions,” Laestadians referred to themselves as “the awakened”: aware of an embodied, transformative experience of the Divine not available through performative religion. Colonial power dynamics remained, however, shifting from male priests to male lay preachers, while principles like simplicity and moderation hardened into performative taboos. My own Laestadian mother, who died in 2021, never wore makeup or jewelry (other than a wedding band), never had her hair cut or styled, never saw a film, concert, or ball game, never played an instrument, never tasted wine, never heard a woman preach, never had her own bank account. Married at 17, she had nine children, and when her daughters chose different paths, she was profoundly hurt. I l often wished that I could free her, like a bird from a cage, and I suspect she felt the same about her mom, whose life was even more restricted.

Would Mari’s mom have attended her concerts had she been able to do so in disguise, without her Laestadian community punishing her for it?

Perhaps, in a way, she is at every performance, as transported as the rest of the audience, free to be carried away by beauty. It’s a lovely thought, and while I’m at it, I’ll place my mom, her distant relative, alongside, smiling and swaying.

Bravi tutti, Mari Boine and band, Knut Bry for the videography, Vojta Drnek for the editing, and Outi Pieski for the amazing art. Great work. (I am chuffed that my translation is captioned.)

Introduction

Mu eadni / Mother of Mine is a song of love and lament for the woman who gave me life, and for all women who suffer under systems that shame and subordinate them. As a Laestadian Christian, my eadni was bound by strict gender roles, and that insidious association of the feminine with sin. She was taught to be self-denying: that her highest purpose as a woman was obedience. (To males, naturally, all the way down.)

When her daughters resisted, she felt it was a personal failure. And yet, she was Sáami, with echoes and stirrings from a much older worldview, one that celebrated the feminine, that found purpose in reciprocity, not hierarchies. Sometimes, I feel her with us, free from shame, sharing our freedom. Smoothing our fringe. Adjusting our belts. Asking us to twirl.

Mari Boine

Mu Eadni 

You were not permitted to preen

Not for you the silken liidni

Nor were you allowed to dream

Of glamour, or vainglorious gákti

Feminine desire you had to condemn 

You could not defend even your own daughters

For pleasures of the flesh

Could open the soul to sin

O mother of mine, mother of mine

If I could draw you close again

I would swathe you in silk and pearls

Ribbon you in silver and gold 

Adorn you and adore you

So we three daughters, free

Could recall you to unshamed joy

You were not permitted to preen

For pleasures of the flesh

Could open the soul to sin

My mother, O my mother

Our mother, O our mother



			

Inka, August, Joonas

Recently, while researching a relative’s name online, this lovely 1926 film popped up: Med ackja och ren i Inka Läntas vinterland (With Reindeer and Sled in Inka Länta’s Winterland).

The course of events revolves around the young Sámi girl Inka Länta in her environment. The the arrival of Laestadian pastor August Lundberg stirs up emotions when his moral preaching goes too far.

A/V Club

(This version is only half as long as the original; let me know if you find a longer cut.)

Curiously, the relative I was researching, Joonas Purnu (1829-1902), was not in the film. But AI knows things, so I cast a wider net.

Bingo.

August Lundberg (1863-1930) who plays himself in the film, was rival of Purnu’s. Both men were lay preachers and became the godfathers of the two main Laestadian factions, Eastern (Lundberg) and Western (Purnu)—in a schism that launched many schisms, most recently in Wolf Lake, Minnesota. (The split that keeps on splitting.)

August Lundberg (1863-1930) by Borg Mesch

Tremors of the impending schism compelled Joonas Purnu to visit the USA in 1893, to calm the waters among Laestadian immigrants. This was also the year my morfars far Erik left Tärendö for America. At some point he visited the harness shop of his daughter Lina and her husband Oskar Walsten in Henry, South Dakota.

On left, Lina Walsten and her dad, Erik Wilhelm Lindberg, Henry, SD 1890s

Did Erik and Joonas travel together? They were relatives after all (not via Purnu from Sjokksjokk sameby, though—as Purnu was a farm name for Joonas—but via mutual Heiva ancestors from Siggevaara sameby).

Yet to be discovered.

Both men returned to Sweden.

August Lundberg was a generation younger than they, and Swedish, not Tornedalen with Sámi roots. Born in Dalarna and educated in Uppsala, August came north in 1885 to lead a Sámi mission school in Lanavaara. He married into the Laestadius family, no doubt an important factor in his success as a preacher.

A friend in Finland has copies of letters between Lundberg and my Purnu relative, Syster Mia Carlsson of Kiruna. Translated, they may help me understand the schism that continues to reverberate among descendants.

Economics played a role, e.g., Joonas Purnu forbade his followers to join unions.

To be continued . . .

Shawls & Shadows

Linnea Axelsson (Ædnan) and Sasha LePointe (Red Dirt)

TL:DR — The 6th Sámi Film Festival is this Friday and Saturday. Select Sámi shorts are online worldwide (free with trial).

Last night at Elliott Bay Books, Bob and I heard two fascinating writers, Linnea Axelsson (Ædnan) and Sasha LePointe (Red Dirt) in a thought-provoking conversation about craft, colonization, and resistance. I had many questions for both but chose to ask Linnea about passages in Ædnan that perplexed me: one in particular was about Laestadian girls in scarves, whose parents had been photographed naked by race biologists.

Linnea’s answers were clarifying, and a punch to the solar plexus. I could dimly hear Bob recommending a film as my mind saw clouds of dark scarves drifting south from Pajala, across the Atlantic, over the Black Hills, draping this girl and that one, me, my mother, sisters, grandmother, all heads bowed.

Why?

Still today, Firstborn Laestadian women cover their heads in church and for home services. Since when, I wonder. Since Laestadius? I still have my first scarf, no bigger than a dinner napkin.

I directed my unruly mind back to the room, and scribbled notes.

We saw several familiar faces there. Amy we have known for a decade since meeting her and her mom at a Swedish Club breakfast (before either suspected Sámi ancestry). Stina, Amanda, Dwayne, and Steve, all longtime supporters of Sámi programming.

But there were so few, too few! This post is especially for Steve, who had not heard about the film fest this week (I thought I posted about it here but alas, only on Facebook. Too many platforms, too little time.)

Now to digress my (updated) Facebook post: in 2018, the first Sámi “minifest” was a shoestring effort, with a part-time museum staffer (Stina), donated films (generous friends) and pro bono graphics and stuff (moi). I was all in, and had a blast.

The films were:

Under Two Skies and Sparrooabbán (2016), Suvi West

Morit Elena Morit (2017), Anders Sunna, Inga Wiktoria Påve

Kaisa’s Enchanted Forest (2018), Katja Gauriloff

Solas Datter (2018), Sara Margarethe Oskal

Familiebildet (2013), Yvonne Thomassen

2018 Promo
The vibe that was vibing

That minifest grew out of an even minier (minnier?) fest, an afternoon of Sámi shorts on the last Sunday of the Nordic Lights Festival. Also, Superbowl Sunday! Yet in six years, the audience outgrew the tiny venue (SIFF theater at Seattle Center).

(I have many fond memories of that place. It’s where I saw Suddenly Sámi, Tundra Cowboy, and Arctic Superstar, and met the artist Royal Nebeker.)

The move to the beautiful new Nordic Museum in 2018 was a mixed blessing, as the ambient noise and light in Oberg Hall were, shall we say, suboptimal. So this year’s venue, Majestic Bay, will give the films their due, with professional light and sound, and a greeting from Tom Skerrit.

Some lucky little Laestadian girls in scarves grow up to wear wool liidni and silba (bracelet by Doris Risfjell). Note that I will be gray, not blonde, but equally proud and happy this Friday for the opening film, Je’vida, by Katya Gauriloff.

Katya’s films are true works of art: quiet beauty in the service of truth. She wrote Je’vida with Sámi poet Niilas Holmberg, cast an actress I loved in the Finnish film Compartment No. 6, and shot it in b&w. Swoon.

Still from Je’vida

I am also stoked to meet this year’s curator, Liselotte Wajstedt, who hails from Kiruna with a family history of Laestadianism that makes me wonder, could we be kin. Last year I saw her short film, Sire and the Last Summer, and powerful documentary Tystnaden i Sápmi (The Silence in Sápmi). And in 2022, on what I swear was the hottest day of a very hot Venice biennale, I found myself transported—in a lávvu with a 360-degree screen—by her magical Eadni (Mother).

HOT Árran 360, San Servolo, 2022

Yes, you can stream most of the films again this year, but if you can make it in person, please do.

And tell a friend?

Happy Sámi Day!

To Woman

I am thrilled that Eadnán Bákti (To Woman) has dropped from Mari Boine’s new album Amame, a collaboration with the fantastic Norwegian jazz pianist Bugge Wusselhoft. There is alchemy between the two: her exploratory, expressive, tremulous vocals weave through his tender lyricism like a light embrace. Like a silk shawl around your shoulders, or lakewater warm from a month of midnight sun.

While it isn’t necessary to understand them to enjoy the song, the Sámi lyrics by poet Kerttu Vuolab are both lamentation and tribute: they speak to the experiences of women under patriarchy and to the enduring, divine feminine that abides within and around all of us. The album’s lyrics in English are my small contribution to the album. Rarely a direct translation, I hope they are suggestive, like that Zen saying: “Not the moon, but a finger pointing to the moon.

Here is where you can pre-order Amame, which will be released on September 29, 2023. Not sure it matters, but I receive no financial benefit from your purchase. In fact, I have something to give away.

Ticket Give-Away

Because of a foot injury, I am unable to jump the pond and join Mari and Wardruna for Nordic Night at the Borgholm Castle on July 8th. It will be their first performance together since they brought down the stars (and a full moon) at Red Rocks in October of 2019. This show promises to be just as epic.

I have two tickets to give away. Send me a message pronto if you can use one or both. (And tell me how you will share your experience. Cuz it’s relationships, relationships, all the way down!)

Eadnán Bákti / To Woman

Original lyrics by Kerttu Vuolab
Music by Mari Boine
English lyrics translation by Julie Whitehorn

Like a mountain

Like the ocean

Like the heavens, you are

Just as majestic

As mobile and light

They held you down for a long time

And kept you silent

But life itself is on your side

Helps you rise

Like a flower, you are

Our mother’s tongue echoes in me

As your words

Bringing understanding

They sing in me

You are no prisoner

Nobody’s servant

You are not lesser than 

You, too, deserve consolation

When so much is demanded of you

They still gaslight you

Because they know your honesty

Their crimes to hide

With lies

You are grandmother

Mother

Sister

Woman

They fear you, for they know

You have life on your side

Fly like the bird you are

Trust you are a flower

Black Butterflies

We don’t watch shows together often but we make exceptions for holidays — and when someone is ailing. Last week as a birthday treat we watched Paddington Bear 2, which was absurdly fun, and so like our quirky youngest to suggest.

Last night I used my convalescence to cajole both husband and son (his sister is back at college) to watch a show together. I chose this compelling short documentary about the “Green Revolution” and Gállok.

It was important for me to share with our son that, at his age in the 1660s, our ancestor Olaf Thomassen Fannj (whose name may be a variant of “fanahit,” stretched, or “fadnu,” a flute made from the stem of angelica), was a slave. He was conscripted by the Swedish state to work in a silver mine in Gällivare, to haul ore with his reindeer.

The conditions were dreadful and the penalties severe (e.g., repeated submerging in a frozen lake). The road to the mine was, they say, lined with bones for a long time.

One source says:

To avoid forced labor, many Sami moved away, and when the government’s tax collector came to Kaitum in 1667, he wrote that “all had escaped,” and that there was no tax to collect. At the same time, in neighboring Sirkas, there were only nine taxpayers left. As a comparison, in 1643 Sirkas and Kaitum, which by that time were treated as one unit in the tax records, had had about seventy registered taxpayers. In 1667, the Sami population in the whole of Lule lappmark had decreased drastically and by then only fifty-five people were registered in the tax record.

According to Hultblad there were almost 200 taxpayers a decade earlier. The stress that the mines evidently brought on the Sami population was not in line with the government’s intention for interior northern Sweden, and policies had to be revised. From 1670, the number of people registered in the tax records slowly and steadily increased again, but it was not until after the tax reform in 1695 that the increase gathered real momentum.”

At 13:53, when Sara began to sing Sámi eatnam, I imagined Olaf — a young man with wind-whipped cheeks — loading his sledge with rocks, then stopping, suddenly alert, listening.

He is a slave in a Swedish colony, and a soldier is approaching, snapping a length of rope. But he has heard a sweet voice from the future.

Happy Returns

Does the “unhealthy” air index in Seattle make me miss the clean breezes of Finnmark?

Very much, indeed. The silver lining to confinement is the progress I am making on my inbox. Before I left in August, I received some happy news from Barbara Sjoholm. Her new book, From Lapland to Sápmi: Collecting and Returning Sámi Craft and Culture, will be published in early spring! If you are in Seattle, you can join her for a book talk at the Nordic Museum.

2023 University of Minnnesota Press

An important contribution to Sámi stories of loss, recovery, and the struggle for equality, as well as the right to manage one’s own cultural heritage on one’s own terms. As Barbara Sjoholm charts the transformation of Lapland to Sápmi in objects, joiks, and storytelling, Sámi voices emerge to share essential aspects of their history. As we say in Sápmi, ‘Čálli giehta ollá guhkás—A writing hand reaches far.’” —Káren Elle Gaup, coeditor of Bååstede: The Return of Sámi Cultural Heritage

I thought about the book often during my trip, first while in Venice for the Biennale, because the cover artist Brita Marahkat-Labba is exhibiting there, then in Karasjok, as I meditated on the excellent exhibit at the RidduDuottar museum, which includes the drum that was seized from Anders Poulsen in 1692, and recently surrendered by Denmark. And again in Oslo, where the new documentary about Brita was screening. (If you have a VPN, you can watch it on SVT.)

Drum by duojár Fredrik Prost, Karasjok 2022

A few other notable repatriations this year:

To date. only four of the 70+ drums authenticated as Sámi have been returned from museums and private collections. One was found in Rome recently, mislabeled as Inuit. Two others, located after a long search in Marseilles, are on loan for exhibits at the Áttje Museum in Jokkmokk (where my newfound cousin Tia — check out her Patreon — is enjoying her own epic returning) snd the East Asia museum in Stockholm.

Other notable returns this year include:

Chief Sitting Bull’s leggings and a lock of hair (stolen from his corpse) after a DNA test identified a more appropriate heir than the Smithsonian.

Patrice Lumumba’s gold tooth — after a photographer interviewing the descendant of his torturer/assassin said (rough translation) “WTAF?”

A Maaso Kova and other unethically obtained artifacts — to the Yacqui tribe from the Etnografika Museet in Stockholm.

Speaking of Sweden, dare I hope that the artifacts pillaged from my ancestral Unna Saiva return to Sápmi in my lifetime? Before I am no longer able to return myself?

It helps to find the humor:

https://m.youtube.com/watch?fbclid=IwAR1Wt2NJdElwUDVz1t_0QV82OXXp9vPXmlMIHQA4Qi5ttyFX_VfxUycphSw&v=x73PkUvArJY&feature=youtu.be&fs=e&s=cl

Uses of Enchantment

One of the most rewarding aspects of expanding awareness of Sámi culture is helping friends refine English versions of their Sámi texts.

Ville is a joy to work with.

In addition to his resonant voice and righteous saxophone, he is blessed with a wry poetic sensibility. I love his humor. On this song, he collaborated with several phenomenal artists: Hildá Länsman (joik, vocals), Jan Ole Kristensen (guitar), Svein Schultz (bass), and Gunnar Augland (drums).

A thought: if it’s true that art can help subvert our dominant, destructive paradigm of endless economic growth, maybe there is also a case to be made for translating art. Particularly poetry from indigenous languages.

Poetic language, like holistic epistemologies, is often elusive, elliptical, prismatic, labile, contextual, and subversive. It resists a single meaning. At its most powerful it welcomes and expands the ego, the lonely individual, connecting one to all, and all to life.

Bring on the revolution!

Only connect

Kalix River (svensk: Kalix älv, meänkieli: Kainhuunväylä; davvisámigiella: Gáláseatnu), July, 2016

“We steal from out descendants because we’ve forgotten our ancestors” is increasingly heard in discussions of climate collapse and adaptation. The myth of the bootstrapping, solitary individual has been a destructive one.

Five years ago, my dream of walking in my ancestors’ footsteps came true when my cousin Jeanette and I travelled through Sápmi. This video was taken around midnight, in my grandfather’s home village of Tärendö. (“Tear-in-two,” Mom called it. What I thought was Freudian for heartbreak turned out to be close to the local Meänkieli dialect.)

Grandpa was the last of his family to leave in 1903, so we didn’t expect to find any relatives in Tärendö. All ties to America came from other villages, where the family scattered long ago, so we were surprised when our hosts, Inge and Lasse (referred by a mutual friend) not only recognized our family surnames but shared a few of them.

Inge said, Heinonen? We are related, then!

Lasse drew a chart that showed how our great-grandfathers were cousins. Both men had changed their Sámi surnames to Swedish, hoping, perhaps, to keep old traumas from our shading our futures. (If only!)

Lasse gave me some papers from the Swedish government granting him permission to herd reindeer and own his earmark. When I tried to give them back, he said no, you take them. I’ve thought a lot about those papers, and the rights by which the state assumed its authority, and Lasse’s wry smile. So much to unpack.

Lasse’s book with our ancestors’ names. July, 2016

But I want to tell you about this bridge. When it was under construction in 1938, they began by installing the arches. Before the roadway was laid down, an old lady from the village decided to cross. She was seen climbing up one of the arches, her tiny form doubled over, making progress one step after another. She clambered all the way up and over, and down the other side.

Maybe she was eager to see a friend on the other side?

“Now the kids do it for fun,” said Inge. Or maybe it was Lasse who told that story.

And maybe my leg was being pulled, in true Sámi fashion. But I prefer to think that the story is true, that the old lady was a relative — and that I inherited her pluck.

“Traveler, there is no path, but what you make by walking.”

“Only connect.”

Bridge over the Kalix, July 2016